Formulation of Nanoencapsulated Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L. (Huth.)) Extract as an Antidiabetic Agent
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54445/pharmademica.v5i2.126
Abstract View:
15
PDF downloads:
2
Keywords:
α-glucosidase , antidiabetic , flavonoid, cajanus cajan , nanoencapsulationAbstract
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. (Huth.)) contains flavonoids that exhibit potential antidiabetic activity through the inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme. The main limitation in the application of flavonoid compounds is their low solubility and stability. Nanoencapsulation using chitosan–TPP via a simple ionic gelation method can enhance the stability and bioactivity of active compounds. This study aimed to develop a nanoencapsulation formulation of pigeon pea extract and to evaluate its physical characteristics, stability, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The research was conducted using variations in nanoencapsulation extract concentrations: F1 (0.2%), F2 (0.4%), and F3 (1%). Physical characterization included particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential, along with a freeze–thaw stability test for five cycles. Antidiabetic activity was assessed by measuring α-glucosidase inhibition and determining the IC₅₀ value. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (p < 0.05). The results showed that particle size decreased from 290.40 nm (F1) to 198.30 nm (F3), with polydispersity index values below 0.3 for F2 and F3. The zeta potential ranged from −28.10 to −36.10 mV. F3 demonstrated the highest stability and the strongest antidiabetic activity with an IC₅₀ value of 68 ppm (p < 0.05).
In conclusion, the nanoencapsulation formulation of pigeon pea extract produced small-sized, stable particles with effective α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The optimal formulation was F3, which shows potential for further development as a natural-based antidiabetic nanoencapsulation system.
Downloads
References
Andrade, D., Maldonado-bravo, F., Alburquerque, A., Camilo, P., Gamboa, A., Caro, N., Mario, D., Gotelland, M., Abugoch, L., & Tapia, C. (2024). Nanoencapsulation of Maqui ( Aristotelia chilensis ) Extract in Chitosan – Tripolyphosphate and Chenopodin-Based Systems. Antioxidants, 13(273). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13030273
Andriani, R., Mahmudah, R., Nuralifah, N., Jannah, S. R. N., Sida, N. A., Hikmah, N., Trinovitasari, N., & Wulandari, W. P. (2023). Formulasi dan Evaluasi Sediaan Granul Antidiabetes Menggunakan Ekstrak Daun Jati (Tectona grandiss Linn F.) Sebagai Zat Aktif. Jurnal Mandala Pharmacon Indonesia, 9(2), 484–491. https://doi.org/10.35311/jmpi.v9i2.410
Cahyana, Y., & Adiyanti, T. (2021). Review: Flavonoids as antidiabetic agents. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 21(2), 512–526. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.58439
Cahyaningsih, E., Yuda, P. E. S. K., & Santoso, P. (2019). Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento, 5(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.36733/medicamento.v5i1.851
Fitri, D., Kiromah, N. Z. W., & Widiastuti, T. C. (2020). Formulasi Dan Karakterisasi Nanopartikel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum) Pada Berbagai Variasi Komposisi Kitosan Dengan Metode Gelasi Ionik. JPSCR: Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Research, 5(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.20961/jpscr.v5i1.39269
Ginaris, R. P., & Faizah, N. R. (2024). Ekstrak Kacang Gude Ekstrak Kacang Gude Sebagai Antidiabetes (F. M. S. Putri (ed.); I). CV. Mitra Edukasi Negeri.
Ginaris, R. P., & Fauzah, N. R. (2023). The Effectiveness of Flavonoids in Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) as Inhibitors of α- Glucosidase Enzyme in Anti-diabetes. FITOFARMAKA: Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 13(2), 140–146.
Ginaris, R. P., Utami, A. W., Putri, A. E., & Istikhomah, R. A. (2024). Skrining Fitokimia Ekstrak Etanol 70% Kacang Gude (Cajanus cajan L.). Jurnal Kesehatan Tujuh Belas, 6(1).
Hakim, R. J., Ismet, R., Buulolo, A., & Dakhi, S. (2023). Optimasi Ekstraksi Dan Karakterisasi Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Sambiloto ( Andrographis Paniculatanees ) Dengan Metode Maserasi. Prosiding SENANTIAS, 4(1), 649–657.
Hossain, U., Das, A. K., Ghosh, S., & Sil, P. C. (2020). An overview on the role of bioactive α-glucosidase inhibitors in ameliorating diabetic complications. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 145.
Lestari, U., Muhaimin, M., Chaerunisaa, A. Y., & Sujarwo, W. (2025). Formulation Development of Natural Polymeric Nanoparticles, In Vitro Antiaging Evaluation, and Metabolite Profiling of Toona sinensis Leaf Extracts. Pharmaceuticals, 18(288), 1–31.
Mouniga, R., Anita, B., Lakshmanan, A., Shanthi, A., & Karthikeyan, G. (2023). Nematicidal Properties of Chitosan Nanoformulation. Journal of Nematology, 55(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2023-0033
Pamungkas, P. M., Ginaris, R. P., & Nurrahman, A. (2025). Evaluasi Penggunaan Obat Anti diabetes Oral pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe II di Instalasi Rawat Jalan Rumah Sakit Azizah Metro. PHARMADEMICA: Jurnal Kefarmasian Dan Gizi Vol., 5(1), 116–122.
Sambode, Y. C., Simbala, H. E. I., & Rumondor, E. M. (2022). Penentuan Skrining Fitokimia, Parameter Spesifik dan Non Spesifik Ekstrak Umbi Bawang Hutan ( Eleutherine americana Merr ). Pharmacon, 11(2), 1389–1394.
Setiawan, A., Kiromah, N. Z. W., & Widiastuti, T. C. (2020). Formulation and Evaluation of Nanoparticle Tablet Preparations of Bay Leaf Extract (Syzygium Polyanthum) with Variations in Concentration of Na Alginate and Avicel PH 102. Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 17(1), 24–30.
Sun, S., Yu, Y., Jo, Y., Han, J. H., Xue, Y., Cho, M., Bae, S.-J., Ryu, D., Park, W., Ha, K.-T., & Zhuang, S. (2025). Impact of extraction techniques on phytochemical composition and bioactivity of natural product mixtures. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 16(July), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1615338
Tambunan, R. M., Rahmat, D., & Silalahi, J. S. (2016). Formulasi Tablet Nanopartikel Ekstrak Terstandar Daun Pulai (Alstonia scholaris (L). R. BR) sebagai Antidiabetes. Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry, 3(4), 291–298. https://doi.org/10.25026/jtpc.v3i4.117
Wang, R., Li, W., Fang, C., Zheng, X., Liu, C., & Huang, Q. (2023). Extraction and identification of new flavonoid compounds in dandelion Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. with evaluation of antioxidant activities. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-28775-x
Yanat, M., & Schroen, K. (2021). Preparation methods and applications of chitosan nanoparticles; with an outlook toward reinforcement of biodegradable packaging. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 161(February). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104849
Yang, Y., Zhang, J. liang, Shen, L. hong, Feng, L. jie, & Zhou, Q. (2021). Inhibition mechanism of diacylated anthocyanins from purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Food Chemistry, 359(1), 129934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129934
Yu, H., Park, J. Y., Kwon, C. W., Hong, S. C., Park, K. M., & Chang, P. S. (2018). An overview of nanotechnology in food science: Preparative methods, practical applications, and safety. Journal of Chemistry, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5427978
Yuniarto, A., & Selifiana, N. (2018). Aktivitas Inhibisi Enzim Alfa-glukosidase dari Ekstrak Rimpang Bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) secara In vitro. MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana), 2(1), 22–25. https://doi.org/10.24123/mpi.v2i1.1299
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Rifkarosita Putri Ginaris, Anggi Aryadi, Nadya Afifa, Arief Kusuma Wardani, Lyna L. Indrayati, Blegoh Iwan Santoso
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
.png)
