PHARMADEMICA : Jurnal Kefarmasian dan Gizi

Antioxidant Potential of Crab Shell Extract (Portunus pelagicus) from Pekalongan, Central Jawa, Indonesia

Tue, 16 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Free radicals contribute to oxidative stress, which plays a key role in degenerative diseases. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, preventing cellular damage. This study evaluates the antioxidant activity of Portunus pelagicus shell extract from Wonokerto, Pekalongan Regency, using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Extraction was performed through demineralization, deproteinization, and maceration with virgin coconut oil. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of terpenoids, which are known for their antioxidant properties, but Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) did not detect astaxanthin. Antioxidant activity testing at concentrations of 5, 10, 50, and 100 ppm resulted in an IC₅₀ value of 549.40 ppm, indicating very weak antioxidant potential. The absence of astaxanthin and the weak activity may be due to extraction method limitations, solvent choice, or low concentrations of active compounds. These findings highlight the need for optimized extraction techniques to enhance the bioactive potential of crab shell-derived compounds. This study contributes to marine biowaste utilization and provides insights into improving antioxidant properties for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

Optimization of Ethanol Extract Gel Nanoparticle Formulation of Secang Wood (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) as Antibacterial Against Propionibacterium Acnes

Zahra Febriana Maharani, Nanda Dwi Akbar, Margareta Retno Priamsari — Wed, 17 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Nanoparticle gel is a colloid consisting of nanometer-sized particles made from cosmetic active ingredients or other materials that are evenly distributed in a gel matrix. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of nanoparticle gel preparations of sappanwood extract against Propionibacterium acnes. The sappanwood extract was extracted by remaceration 70% ethanol then the extract was tested for antibacterial activity at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, and 80% using Nutrient Agar media against P. acnes. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of sappanwood extract appeared at a concentration of 20%. Spreadability and adhesiveness were 5.90 ± 0.06 and 14.96 ± 0.01, respectively. The results of the statistical analysis test with one sample t-test showed a p value> 0.05 so that the response of spreadability and adhesiveness between predictions was not significantly different from the actual. The optimal formula of sappanwood extract gel nanoparticles has moderate antibacterial activity against P. acnes.

The Effect of Acidification Method Using Natural Vinegar on the Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Based on SNI

Thu, 18 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Virgin coconut oil is a modified result of coconut oil production. One method of making a VCO is by the acidification method using vinegar. In the process of making VCO, natural vinegar can produce good quality and environmentally friendly VCO because it comes from the fermentation process of organic materials, while commercial vinegar only contains acetic acid and gives a sharp taste and smell. This study aims to determine the effect of using commercial vinegar, kepok banana peel vinegar, honey pineapple peel vinegar, and rice vinegar made by the acidification method on the physical and chemical characteristics of VCO, as per SNI standards. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test. The results of physical and chemical quality tests of 5 samples obtained organoleptic test results, clear color, distinctive coconut odor, and distinctive taste of coconut oil. Specific gravity test 0.9178g/mL, 0.9166g/mL, 0.9175g/mL, 0.9175g/mL, and 0.9164g/mL. Water content test 0.1295%, 0.0486%, 0.0553%, 0.0511% and 0.1524%. Free fatty acid test 0.1390%, 0.1056%, 0.1144%, 0.1178, and 0.1822%. Peroxide number test 0.5457mgek/kg, 0.4933mgek/kg, 0.5670mgek/kg, 0.5113mgek/kg and 0.5889mgek/kg. So it can be concluded that the five samples produce physical and chemical characteristics in accordance with SNI. Based on the results of the ANOVA test, it is known that there is no significant effect on the value of specific gravity, water content, free fatty acid number and peroxide number with the use of commercial vinegar and natural vinegar compared to commercial VCO.

Home Pharmacy Care Services in Improving Medication Adherence in Diabetic and Hypertensive Patients: A Systematic Review on Ethics and Regulatory

Fri, 19 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Home pharmacy care is a part of community pharmacy service that is critical in improving patient adherence, which is a significant challenge in managing chronic diseases. One approach that can help overcome this problem is the practice of home pharmacy care. The current study aimed to evaluate the role of home pharmacy care interventions can enhance medication adherence among diabetic and hypertensive patients and to examine the ethical and regulatory aspects associated with its implementation. A systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines, using the keywords “home pharmacy care” AND (diabetes mellitus OR hypertension) AND kepatuhan, home pharmacy care AND diabetes mellitus AND (adherence OR compliance), home pharmacy care AND hypertension AND (adherence OR compliance) on Google Scholar and PubMed databases with a search time limit from January 2015 to May 2025. The ethical and regulatory analysis was conducted by reviewing secondary literature regulating home pharmacy care and professional codes of ethics. Out of a total of 290 identified articles, only 10 met the inclusion criteria for further analysis. Based on the ten reviewed articles, it was stated that home pharmacy care interventions can enhance medication adherence among patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension. However, the implementation of this service faces challenges, such as ethical concerns and regulatory limitations. The development of comprehensive regulations and consistent application of the code of ethics are expected to strengthen legal protection for pharmacists and improve the quality of home pharmacy care services.

Evaluation of The Treatment in Hospitalized Geriatric Stroke Patients at Elizabeth Hospital Situbondo for The Period November 2022-August 2023

Ika Norcahyanti, Adelia Firandi, Zainol Ihsan Mauladi, Afifah Machlaurin — Fri, 19 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Potentially Inappropriate Medicines (PIMs) cause a significant issue, particularly when dealing with elderly patients. Aging in the elderly results in a decline in physiological body functions, impacting the response to medications. Furthermore, aging leads to decreased elasticity of blood vessels, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as stroke. The management of stroke requires special attention to minimize the risk of complications and enhance recovery opportunities. This study aims to analyze patient profiles, treatment profiles, and evaluate the treatment based on the Beers Criteria 2019. It is a retrospective descriptive study using a cross-sectional research design and purposive sampling technique for sample selection. The study sample includes elderly patients diagnosed with stroke who were hospitalized at RS Elizabeth Situbondo. Patient medical record data was collected through a specifically designed Data Collection Sheet (DCS) to evaluate drug utilization in these patients.

The research findings indicate that the patients are predominantly male (53.2%), aged 60-69 (62.3%), and have a Length of Stay of 1-6 days (84.4%). All patients have payment status through BPJS. The treatment profile involves the administration of medications for stroke management, with ticagrelor as the primary drug (66.2%) and citicoline as the most commonly prescribed supplementary drug (97.4%). Treatment evaluation identified 193 events of drug use that potentially met the 2019 Beers Criteria. The highest category was potentially inappropriate drugs (134 events), with pantoprazole being the most commonly used drug (71 events).

Correlation between Nutritional Knowledge and Nutritional Status among First Grade Students at SD Muhammadiyah 1 Malang

Aprinia Dian Nurhayati, Dzata Ziek Zanieqah, Rizka Silvia — Mon, 22 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Nutritional status in schoolchildren is known to affect their concentration in learning, cognitive abilities, growth, development, and immune system. Nutritional knowledge is one of the factors known to influence the nutritional status of schoolchildren. However, research that analyzes the correlation between the nutritional knowledge of students who are just starting elementary school and their nutritional status is still limited. This study intends to analyze the correlation between nutritional knowledge and nutritional status in first-grade students at SD Muhammadiyah 1, Malang City, East Java. This was an observational study with a cross-sectional approach, conducted in July 2025. The study involved first-grade students at SD Muhammadiyah 1, Malang City. Ethical approval with number 01.07.09/UN32.14.2.8/LT/2025 was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Universitas Negeri Malang. Data on nutritional knowledge were obtained from interviews using a student knowledge questionnaire. Data on the students' nutritional status were obtained from the average results of weight (W) and height (H) measurements, which were processed into BMI-for-age (body mass index for age) data. The results showed no statistically significant correlation between nutritional knowledge and the nutritional status of first-grade students at SD Muhammadiyah 1, Malang City (correlation coefficient of 0.071 with p>0.05). Other factors, such as parental habits, environment, and access to food, may be more influential on children's eating practices than nutritional knowledge.

The Relationship between Iron, Protein Intake, and Skipping Meal Habit with the Incidence of Anemia in Adolescent Girls at SMP Negeri 16 Samarinda

Tue, 23 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Anemia was a condition characterized by a small number of red blood cells and was commonly experienced by adolescent girls due to menstruation and increased nutritional needs during growth. In 2023, the highest number of anemia cases in the working area of Puskesmas Loa Bakung, Samarinda, was found among female students of SMP Negeri 16 Samarinda, with a prevalence of 25% out of 190 cases. The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between iron intake, protein intake, and the habit of skipping meals with the incidence of anemia among female students at SMP Negeri 16 Samarinda. A cross-sectional design was used for this study. As much as 72 respondents were selected with purposive sampling. Data for this study was collected through haemoglobin (Hb) testing, interviews using the SQ-FFQ questionnaire and a meal-skipping questionnaire. A total of 37 (51.4%) female students suffered from anemia, 56 (77.8%) female students consumed adequate protein intake, and 67 (93.1%) female students had insufficient daily iron intake. As much as 55 (76.4%) female students did not regularly eat breakfast. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between iron intake (p=0.023), protein intake (p=0.010), and the habit of skipping breakfast (p=0.038) with anemia. However, this study didn’t find any association between skipping lunch (p=0.207) or dinner (p=0.658) with anemia. It was necessary to raise awareness among adolescent girls about the importance of breakfast and consuming nutritious foods, especially those rich in iron and protein to prevent anemia and support healthy development during adolescence.

The Relationship between Satisfaction with Customer Loyalty at Olivia Pharmacy North Jakarta Month December 2024

Bayu Dwi Handono, Umul Angga Brahmono, Yoyoh Yoyoh — Fri, 26 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The increasing number of pharmacies in recent years has intensified competitive complexity within the pharmaceutical sector, particularly in the context of the digital era, which enables the public to easily access comparative information about products and services across healthcare institutions. In the framework of high-quality healthcare services, customer satisfaction serves as a critical indicator reflecting the extent to which service quality meets user expectations. According to service management literature, there is a significant influence of customer satisfaction on loyalty, where individuals who perceive value aligned with their expectations are more likely to exhibit repetitive purchasing behavior and social recommendations over the long term. Therefore, enhancing service value and quality constitutes a key factor in fostering sustainable customer relationships. The present study was carried out to explore the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty within the context of Olivia Pharmacy, North Jakarta. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed, utilizing simple random sampling to select 314 respondents as participants. Statistical analysis indicated a correlation coefficient of 0.596, with a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.01), suggesting a moderate yet statistically significant positive association between the variables under investigation. These supports the hypothesis that higher levels of customer satisfaction positively influence customer loyalty. The study concludes that customer satisfaction is not an isolated variable, but rather a strategic component that forms a foundational element in decision-making for service improvement programs. By systematically focusing on comprehensive enhancements in service quality, Olivia Pharmacy can strategically build long-term customer loyalty, transforming it into a sustainable competitive advantage amid increasingly intense market competition.

Evaluation of Drug Planning and Procurement Using ABC–VEN Analysis at Mardi Waluyo Hospital Metro

Andrianus Bilhot Sitanggang, Rifkarosita Putri Ginaris, Alfina Nurahman — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The unguaranteed availability of medicines in hospitals can reduce the quality of healthcare services, hinder therapeutic processes, and increase the risk of adverse events for patients. Therefore, an effective medicine procurement planning strategy is needed to optimally meet clinical needs. This study aims to analyze drug procurement planning at the Pharmacy Installation of Mardi Waluyo Hospital Metro using the ABC-VEN method. The analysis was conducted on 453 drug items planned by the hospital. The results showed that the main category (U) dominated with 245 items (54.08%), the priority category (P) consisted of 137 items (30.24%), and the additional category (T) consisted of 71 items (15.68%). Medicines with the highest usage values were in group A, indicating the need for strict monitoring to prevent stockouts. However, groups B and C drugs also require attention since some are vital medicines despite their relatively low usage levels. These findings highlight the importance of applying the ABC-VEN method to support efficiency in drug management while ensuring continuity of hospital services.

The Relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Total Cholesterol Levels in the Community of Malang City

Endang Susilowati, Erna Susanti — Sat, 27 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Obesity is a health problem in many countries, both developed and developing, including Indonesia. The increasing trend indicates that obesity in Indonesia remains a serious public health issue. This study aimed to determine the relationship between BMI and total cholesterol levels in the community of Malang City, which may serve as a basis for policymaking in community-based non-communicable disease prevention programs. The study was conducted using a cross-sectional design on 30 respondents, selected through purposive random sampling. The results of the bivariate analysis showed a p-value < 0.05, indicating a significant relationship between BMI and total cholesterol levels. The correlation coefficient (ρ) was 0.738, suggesting a strong positive correlation between the two variables. This means that the higher a person’s BMI, the higher their total cholesterol levels tend to be in this population. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a significant and strong relationship between BMI and total cholesterol levels in the studied community. These findings support the hypothesis that excess body weight contributes to increased cholesterol levels and may serve as a basis for preventive and promotive interventions in the community.

Evaluation of the Use of Oral Antidiabetic Drugs in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at the Outpatient Installation of Azizah Metro Hospital

Pratiwi May Pamungkas, Rifkarosita Putri Ginaris , Alfina Nurrahman — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). This condition arises due to impaired insulin production, the body's inability to effectively utilize insulin, or a combination of both. The rational use of antidiabetic drugs is crucial in managing blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. This study aimed to evaluate the use of oral antidiabetic drugs in patients with type 2 DM at the outpatient clinic of Azizah Metro Hospital. The research employed a descriptive design with retrospective data collection, using patient medical records from October to December 2024 as the data source. The sampling technique was total sampling, with a total of 80 patients as respondents. The majority of patients were female (77.5%), and the most prevalent age group was 56–65 years (48.75%). Most patients were on monotherapy (68.75%), with glimepiride being the most frequently prescribed drug (33.75%). The evaluation results showed that all patients (100%) met the criteria for appropriate drug use based on patient condition, indication, drug type, and dosage. In conclusion, the use of oral antidiabetic drugs in type 2 DM outpatients at Azizah Metro Hospital during the period of October–December 2024 has met the principles of rational therapy with an accuracy rate of 100%.